Изобретение новостей. Как мир узнал о самом себе

Отправка письма в Пуатье в 1360 г. была отложена на два месяца. Renouard, ‘Les papes d’Avignon’, p. 28.

45

Suzanne Budelot, Messageries universitaires et messageries royales (Paris: Domat, 1934).

46

Hilde de Rodder-Symoens (ed.), A History of the University in Europe. Volume I: Universities in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 114.

47

C. H. Haskins, ‘The Lives of Mediaeval Students as Illustrated in their Letters’, in his Studies in Mediaeval Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1929), pp.

48

Alain Boureau, ‘The Letter-Writing Norm, a Mediaeval Invention’, in Roger Chartier (ed.), Correspondence: Models of Letter-Writing from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Polity, 1997), pp. 24–58.

49

Haskins, ‘Lives of Medieval Students’, p. 10.

50

Ibid., pp. 15–16.

51

Ниже, глава 15.

52

Philip O. Beale, A History of the Post in England from the Romans to the Stuarts (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998), p.

53

Ibid., pp. 24-7.

54

J. K. Hyde, ‘The Role of Diplomatic Correspondence and Reporting’, in his Literacy and its Uses, pp. 217-59, here pp. 224-6.

55

Там же, с. 244.

56

Ниже, глава 5.

57

Beale, History of the Post, pp. 30–39.

58

Given-Wilson, Chronicles, p. 109.

59

Beale, History of the Post, pp. 84-6.

60

La circulation des nouvelles.

61

C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘Some Examples of the Distribution and Speed of News in England at the Time of the Wars of the Roses’, in his England, France and Burgundy in the Fifteenth Century (London: Hambledon, 1983), pp. 97-122.

62

Armstrong, ‘Some Examples’, p. 100; James Gairdner (ed.), Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles (London: Camden Society, 1880), pp. 156 ff.

63

Ниже, глава 4.

64

B. Guenee, ‘Les campagnes de lettres qui ont suivi le meurtre de Jean sans Peur, duc de Bourgogne (septembre 1419-fevrier 1420)’, Annuaire-Bulletin de la Societe de l’Histoire de France (1993), pp.

65

Craig Taylor, ‘War, Propaganda and Diplomacy in Fifteenth-Century France and England’, in Christopher Allmand (ed.), War, Government and Power in Late Medieval France (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000), pp. 70–91.

66

Armstrong, ‘Some Examples’, p. 99.