Евреи и христиане в православных обществах Восточной Европы

23 («a remarkable revival began, with considerable Jewish immigration and a renewal of cultural life. It would be wrong to over-emphasize the negative aspect of the treatment of the Jews by the Byzantine state. There was a positive side as well: the moments of persecution were exceptional, and in general the law offered the Jews, individually and communally its protection and a certain stability. Indeed, the Jews were generally treated no worse, and often better, than other non-Orthodox subjects»).

37

SharfA.

Byzantine Jewry… P. 118 («the return of that peculiar relationship between Jews and non-Jews which marked-off Byzantine Jews from those living under western Christian regimes»).

38

«And yet the effect of all the legislation was undoubtedly to give tham the status and the consciousness of second-class citizens» (De Lange ?. Jews and Christians in the Byzantine Empire… P. 23).

39

См.: Bowman S.B., Cutler A. Anti-Semitism // The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium.

Vol. 1. Oxford, 1991. P. 122.

40

Bowman S.B. The Jews of Byzantium…

41

Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980. Vol. XVII. Byzantines, Mamelukes and Maghribians.

42

См.: Ibidem. Р. 41 («The old discriminatory and segregationist laws, summarized in the codes of the earlier Middle Ages to be sure, still retained their formal force, although we have little evidence of their practical appication»).

43

Bowman S.B. The lews of Byzantium… P. 39 («The condition of the lew was constantly improving»). Он продолжает: «In Byzantium proper, the economic position of Jews changed markedly for the better under the sponsirship of the imperial government; their influence perharps reached the high levels of government circles, and various officials were accused of succumbing to their power»).

44

Bowman S.B., Cutler A. Anti-Semitism… P. 122–123.

45

Baron S.W.

A Social and Religious History of the Jews… Vol. XVII. P. 43.

46

См.: De Lange N. Jews and Christians in the Byzantine Empire… P. 24 («It is clear that with the Latin conquest of 1204, Western attitudes to the Jews were introduced into Byzantium by Western Christians, and some of them survived the restoration of a Greek state, co-existing with older Greek attitudes»).

47

Baron S.W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews… Vol. XVII. P.