Чингисхан. Человек, завоевавший мир

132: ‘Sometimes the forest cuts deeply into the steppe as, for example, does the famous Utken forest on the slopes of the Kangai; sometimes the steppe penetrates northward, as do the Khakass steppes in the upper reaches of the Yenisei or the broad trans-Baikal steppe’; Gumilev, Imaginary Kingdom p. 18.

28

Mount Burqan Qaldun has been tentatively identified as Mount Khenti Khan in the Great Khenti range in north-eastern Mongolia (48° 50’ N, 109° E): Rachewiltz, Commentary p. 229; Hue, High Road in Tartary pp.

123–127.

29

Stewart, In The Empire p. 159. Cf also Bull, Around the Sacred Sea.

30

Owen Lattimore, ‘Return to China’s Northern Frontier,’ The Geographical Journal 139 (June 1973) pp. 233–242.

31

For various accounts see Cable & French, Gobi Desert; Man, Gobi; Younghusband, Heart of a Continent; Thayer, Walking the Gobi.

32

Stewart, In The Empire p. 153.

33

Nairne, Gilmour p. 74.

34

De Windt, From Pekin to Calais p.

107.

35

De Windt, From Pekin to Calais p. 103.

36

De Windt, From Pekin to Calais pp. 134–35.

37

Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers p. 12.

38

Severin, In Search of Genghis Khan p. 18.

39

Dawson, Mongol Mission pp. 5–6.

40

Barfield, Perilous Frontier pp. 22–23.

41

Asimov & Bosworth, History of Civilizations, iv part 2 pp. 275–276.

42

Gumilev, Imaginary Kingdom pp.

62–63.

43

For the Amur river see Du Halde, Description geographique; M. A. Peschurof, ‘Description of the Amur River in Eastern Asia,’ Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society 2 (1857–58).

44

For the Amur as the traditional boundary between Russia and China see Kerner, The Urge to the Sea; Stephan, Sakhalin.

45

Gumilev, Imaginary Kingdom p. 87; Asimov & Bosworth, History of Civilizations, iv part 2 p. 280.

46

Joseph F.

Fletcher, ‘The Mongols: Ecological and Social Perspectives,’ in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 46 (1986) pp. 11–50 (at p. 13), repr. in Fletcher, Studies on Chinese and Islamic Inner Asia.

47

For all these distinctions see (amid a vast literature) Cribb, Nomads esp. pp. 19–20, 84–112; Forde, Habitat p. 396; Johnson, Nature of Nomadism pp. 18–19; Blench, Pastoralism pp. 11–12; Helland, Five Essays.

48

R. & N.